Short‐term effects of salt exposure on the maize chloroplast protein pattern

It is of fundamental importance to understand the physiological differences leading to salt resistance and to get access to the molecular mechanisms underlying this physiological response. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of short‐term salt exposure on the proteome of maize chloroplasts in the initial phase of salt stress (up to 4 h). It could be shown that sodium ions accumulate quickly and excessively in chloroplasts in the initial phase of moderate salt stress. A change in the chloroplast protein pattern was observed without a change in water potential of the leaves. 2‐DE revealed that 12 salt‐responsive chloroplast proteins increased while eight chloroplast proteins decreased. Some of the maize chloroplast proteins such as CF1e and a Ca²⁺‐sensing receptor show a rather transient response for the first 4 h of salt exposure. The enhanced abundance of the ferredoxin NADPH reductase, the 23 kDa polypeptide of the photosystem II, and the FtsH‐like protein might reflect mechanism to attenuate the detrimental effects of Na⁺ on the photosynthetic machinery. The observed transient increase and subsequent decrease of selected proteins may exhibit a counterbalancing effect of target proteins in this context. Intriguingly, several subunits of the CF1–CF0 complex are unequally affected, whereas others do not respond at all.     

棉花种间杂交渐渗系SSR及农艺性状分析

利用87对多态性SSR和EST-SSR引物,对57份棉属种间杂交渐渗系及其6个代表性血缘亲本进行了鉴定分析.共检测到540个等位变异,多态性等位变异占98.5%,EST-SSR变异占63.9%,41个SSR标记定位在棉花基因组的22条染色体上.种质间成对相似系数为0.553～0.937,平均为0.748.渐渗系的SSR聚类与种质材料的系谱来源基本吻合,而和农艺性状聚类结果相差很大,前者更能反映其亲缘关系.     

粤北普通野生稻籼粳分化的SSR分析

本文利用28对籼粳特异性SSR引物对174个粤北普通野生稻个体进行分析.28对引物均有多态性,平均每对引物扩增出的等位变异数和基因型数分别为10.6和28.粤北普通野生稻群体有较高的遗传多样性(0.768 1),除了能扩增出典型的籼、粳特异基因,还能扩增出野生稻特有的基因.遗传一致度聚类分析表明粤北普通野生稻存在初步籼粳分化;2份(1.15%)材料偏籼,172份(98.85%)材料偏粳,群体以偏粳为主.基因组水平上整个粤北群体没有发现原始类型.     

柑橘EST-SSR分子标记分析

对来源于甜橙（Citrus sinensis Osbeck）、枳壳（Poncirus trifoliata Raf．）和其他柑橘非冗余EST数据库的38124条单-基因（Unigene）序列进行了简单重复序列SSRs（Simple Sequence Repeat）搜索,所分析的柑橘非冗余核酸序列总长23．29Mb,从中获得了8218条SSR,其中包括单碱基重复4913条（59．8％）,2碱基重复1419条（17．3％）,3碱基重复1709条（20．8％）,4碱基重复114条（1．39％）,5碱基重复23条（0．28％）,6碱基重复40条（0．49％）。大约每2．8kb长度的单-基因序列中即存在1个SSR,即平均4．6个单-基因中存在1个SSR。随碱基重复单元（motif）的不同,SSR的最大长度在40-105之间,全部重复序列的平均长度为20．9bp。各种SSR（1-,2-,3-,4-,5-,6-核苷酸重复）的发生频率在甜橙和枳壳间非常接近。其中单碱基重复序列是最丰富的重复单元,其次为3碱基重复。在所得的SSR的重复单元中,富含A碱基的重复单元的分布占据优势地位,出现的频率与密度均较高,而富含CG碱基的重复单元出现频率和密度较低。用25对EST-SSR引物对6个柑橘品种的多样性进行了PCR检测,结果表明,所有25对引物在6个柑橘品种间均扩增到多样性条带,证实通过柑橘EST数据库的发掘能够高效地筛选到基因水平的SSR标记。     

珍稀濒危树种毛红椿微卫星DNA分离及SSR反应体系优化

本研究以江西宜丰种源毛红椿为材料,成功提取其基因组DNA。利用改良的链亲和素磁珠法亲和捕捉出毛红椿基因组微卫星DNA片断,并构建了富含微卫星的基因组文库。从构建的基因组文库中随机挑选了63个单克隆进行测序,其中50个单克隆成功测序,含有微卫星的单克隆有18个,并根据测序结果设计并合成SSR引物18对。利用所合成的引物优化SSR反应体系,对影响SSR反应的各个因子进行了探讨。确定了模板DNA浓度最适浓度为30ng;dNTP的最适浓度为0.3mmol·L-1;0.3μmol·L-1是引物在反应体系中的最合适浓度。建立了重复性好、稳定性好的SSR反应体系,为下一步进行毛红椿群体遗传结构和遗传变异研究提供了技术支持。     

一份条斑和颖花异常水稻双突变体的形态特征和细胞学观察

在水稻遗传转化过程中发现一个不含外源基因的条斑和颖花异常的双突变体。该突变体的茎、叶、穗出现条斑。在分蘖盛期,一些叶片开始分岔或卷曲;花器官数目增多,表现为多内外稃,叶片状浆片,或浆片增大,雌雄蕊增多,颖花开裂。透射电镜对叶片白色组织细胞超微结构观察,发现细胞壁内陷,质体结构异常,不能发育出正常叶绿体所具有的片层和类囊体。叶绿素总含量和净光合速率明显低于野生型。突变体绿色组织部分中的细胞生长正常,但细胞较大。利用扫描电镜对花器官形态发生过程进行观察,雄蕊原基发育严重不同步,原基大小也不一样;心皮原基较小。     

Development of novel microsatellite markers for the grassland species Lolium multiflorum,Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis

Twelve microsatellite markers were isolated from Lolium multiflorum. Allelic variability and cross‐species amplification were assessed on 16 individuals of each of the three grassland species L. multiflorum, Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis. Cross‐species amplification success was 100% for L. perenne and 83% for F. pratensis. The number of alleles detected ranged from one to 14 with an average of 3.4. While three microsatellite loci were polymorphic in all three species, one marker produced species‐specific alleles in all three species. These microsatellite markers provide a valuable tool for population genetic studies within and among species of the Festuca–Lolium complex.     

Mitigating scoring errors in microsatellite data from wild populations

Microsatellite data are widely used to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in wild populations. In this paper, we consider three typical sources of scoring errors capable of biasing biological conclusions: stuttering, large‐allele dropout and null alleles. We describe methods to detect errors and propose conventions to mitigate scoring errors and report error rates in studies of wild populations. Finally, we discuss potential bias in ecological or evolutionary conclusions based on data sets containing these scoring errors.     

Development of SSR markers located in the G1 linkage group of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) using a bacterial artificial chromosome library

Sixteen simple sequence repeats (SSRs) of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were isolated from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Twelve restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) probes mapped on LG1 of the Prunus general map were hybridized to the BAC library in order to select clones belonging to G1 linkage group of apricot. Selected BACs were digested, subcloned and hybridized with probes containing repeat motifs (GA)₁₀ and (TA)₁₀. Sequencing of the positive subclones revealed 18 unique SSR sequences of which 16 allowed the design of primers flanking the SSR. From the 16 primer pairs, 10 amplified polymorphic markers with an average of observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.44 and 0.68, respectively. The procedure described here proves to be a useful technique for obtaining markers in target areas of a genome.     

Fifteen polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags of Liriodendron tulipifera

We developed and evaluated simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Liriodendron tulipifera. Characteristics of 15 EST‐SSR loci were investigated using 33 L. tulipifera individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to five. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.216 to 0.751 and from 0.182 to 0.97, respectively. These loci were further tested for their cross‐species transferability to Liriodendron Chinense. Because of their high level of polymorphism and transferability, our 15 single‐locus EST‐SSR markers will be valuable tools for research on mating system, population genetics and systemic evolution of Liriodendron.